COMPUTER LANGUAGES

            In all over the world, language is the source of communication among human beings.
Different countries/regions/regions have different languages. Similarly, in order to communicate with the computer user also needs to have a language that should be understood by the computer. For this purpose, different languages are developed for performing different types of work on the computer. Basically, languages are divided into two categories according to their interpretation.

1.Low Level Language.

2.High Level Language.

1)Low Level Languages

And execute instruction given in the form of machine language i.e. language of 0 and there are two types of low level languages:

a)Machine Language

b)Assembly Language

Machine Language:

          It is the lowest and most elementary level of Programming language and was the first type of programming language to be developed. Machine Language is basically the only language which computer can understand. In fact, a manufacturer designs a computer to obey just one Language, its machine code, which is represented inside the computer by a String of binary digits (bits) 0 and 1. The symbol 0 stands for the absence of Electric pulse and 1 for the presence of an electric pulse. Since a computer is Capable of recognizing electric signals, therefore, it understand machine Language.

Assembly Language:

         It was developed to overcome some of the many Inconveniences of machine language. This is another low level but a very important language in which operation codes and operands are given in the form of alphanumeric symbols instead of 0’s and 1s. these alphanumeric symbols will be known as mnemonic codes and can have maximum up to 5 latter combination e.g. ADD is for addition, SUB for subtraction,  START, LABEL etc. because of this feature it is also known as ‘Symbolic Programming Language’. This language is also very difficult and needs a lot of practice to master it because very small English support is given to this language. The language mainly helps in computer orientations. The instructions of the Assembly language will also be converted to machine codes by language translator to be executed by the computer.

High Level Languages

High level computer languages give formats close to English language and the purpose of developing high level languages is to enable people to write programs easily and in their own native language environmental (English). High level languages are basically symbolic language that use English words and/or mathematical symbols rather than mnemonic codes. Each instruction in the high level language is translated into many machine language instructions thus showing one to many translation.

Many languages have been developed for achieving different variety of tasks, some are fairly specialized others are quite general purpose.

These are categorized according to their use as

a)Algebraic Formula:

             Type Processing. These languages are oriented towards the computational procedures for solving mathematical and statistical problem Examples are

                BASIC (Beginners All Purpose Symbolic Instruction Code).

                FORTRAN (Formula Translation)

                PL/I (Algorithmic Language)

                ALGOL (Algorithmic Language)

                APL (A Programming Language)

b)Business Data Processing:

                 These languages emphasize their capabilities for maintaining data processing procedures and files handling problems. Examples are:

                COBOL (Common Business Oriented Language).

                RPG (Report Program Generator)

c)String and List Processing:

             These are used for string manipulation including search for patterns, inserting and deleting characters. Examples are:

               LISP (List Processing).

               Prolog (Program in Logic).

Object Oriented Programming Language

In OOP, the computer program is divided into objects. Examples are:

.              C++

.              Java

d)Visual programming language:

               These are designed for building Windows based applications Examples 

are:

.              Visual Basic

.              Visual Java

.              Visual C